"Research Journal Tahqeeqat" is a HEC Approved in Y category journal of Urdu Language & Literature. "Research Journal Tahqeeqat" is a bi-lingual, double-blind peer-reviewed, open-access publication. It is distributed by Passion Research Institute of Social Sciences(R), Pakistan. Its main aim is to provide a platform for research scholars to publish their good-quality research papers. Research Journal focuses the literary research and modern trends of criticism in the subject of Urdu Language, Linguistics, and Literature.
Passion Research Institute of Social Sciences(Private) Limited
جمود بطور وجوہِ زوالِ ِاُمتِ مسلمہ:فکرِ اقبال کی روشنی میں
This abstract deals with the critical view of Allama Muhammad on Stagnation (intellectual and spiritual rigidity) and the role it plays in the downfall of Muslim Ummah. Allama Iqbal strongly opposed stagnation, which according to him is related with blind imitation(taqlid),loss of creative thinking and detatchment from dynamic spirit of Islam,stagnation paralyzes individual and collective will, suppresses Khudi (selfhood), and societies fail to respond to changing historical and intellectual challenges of modern era, Iqbal's critique of stagnation is of great relevance in present day as Muslim societies are still facing the challenges of intellectual inaction and cultural complacency. By revive the principles of Khudi, creative intellect, and moral courage Iqbal provides a framework of transformation for overcoming stagnation and attaining renewal and progress.
Stagnation, Allama Muhammad Iqbal,Muslim Decline,Modernization, Blind Imitation, Intellectual Stagnation
Dr. Anwar Sadeed is regarded as one of the leading figures in Urdu Criticism and research, whose contributions as a literary historian hold a distinguished place in the Historiography of Urdu Literature. His major achievement lies in presenting Urdu Literary History not as a mere sequence of writers and dates but as a reflection of the cultural and social context in which literature evolved. His important works, such as “Mukhtasir Tarikh-e-Urdu Adab” and “Urdu Adab ki Tehreekein”, highlight how literary movements are deeply connected with the intellectual, political, and societal forces of their times. As a critic and historian, Dr. Sadeed emphasized the dynamic relationship between tradition and modernity. He demonstrated that Urdu literature was shaped not only by local cultural and linguistic developments but also by global literary and civilizational influences. His approach made literary historiography an analytical narrative rather than a simple record of events. Thus, his works are both informative and thought-provoking, providing insight into the intellectual evolution of Urdu literature. A notable feature of his scholarship was his academic integrity: careful use of references, accuracy of information, and balanced interpretation of texts. By linking literature with broader research and criticism, he proved that literary history cannot remain confined to individual authors but must be studied in connection with collective thought and socio-cultural transformation. In this way, Dr. Anwar Sadeed gave Urdu Literary History a new critical and intellectual dimension. His contributions continue to serve as essential sources for students, researchers, and critics, establishing him as a pioneering figure in the Historiography of Urdu Literature.
Dr. Anwar Sadeed, Urdu Literary History, Urdu Criticism, Historiography of Urdu Literature, Literary Movements, Tradition and Modernity, Cultural and Social Context, Research and Criticism, Analytical Narrative, Intellectual Evolution
مولانا ظفر علی خان کی نظم نگاری میں ردِ استعماریت
"Maulana Zafar Ali Khan was a prominent, journalist and poet of Sub-Continent. He used his newspaper “Zamindar” for mobilizing native people against British Raj. His poetry based on resistance played pivotal role in independence movement. In his poems, he criticized the colonial power regarding its every action which was causing country’s interests. As poet, Zafar Ali highlighted the points which could be harmful for the people of Hindustan. He always did his best for human rights, women empowerment and economic oppurtunities for common man. His poetry kept the Hindu-Muslim united for struggle of independence. His anti-colonial sentiment presented through his poems, resulted into closeness of newspaper and imprisonment of himself but he carried on exposing ruling power. His powerful voice of poetry gave courage to common people for got freedomfrom foreign invader. He did not hesitate to criticize thelocal politician and others who were supporter of Britishers.This article highlighted the salient features of his poetry."
Colony, Freedom, Independence, Zafar, Zamindar, Hind
محمد قلی قطب شاہ کی شاعری کا اسلوبیاتی مطالعہ
Stylistics is the study of style in language, which encompasses various aspects such as: (1). Lexical choices: word selection and vocabulary.(2). Syntax: sentence structure and organization. (3). Tone: Attitude or emotional tone conveyed through language. (4). Figurative language: Use of Metaphors, similes, and other literary devices.(5). Rhythm and sound: Patterns of sound rhythm, and meter. The main subject of stylistics is the study of language used in literature and poetry. Stylistics analyzes that how language is used in different contexts, such as: Literary text, Everyday conversation, Advertising, and academic writing. By analyzing language style stylistics helps us to understand: (1) Authorial intent (2) Reader/audience engagement, and (3) cultural context.Stylistics is an interdisciplinary field that draws from linguistics, literature and communication studies. Muhammad Quli Qutab Shah is a sixteenth century Urdu poet. His language is almost five hundred years old and is called Dakani Urdu. This is the old form of Urdu which comprises many words and phrases of modern Indo Arian dialects. Like all other poets Muhammad Quli also used the language in his poetry in a creative manner. The stylistic features in his language arise from the usage of foregrounding, deviation from the linguistic norms, grammatical selection, phonetical selection and morphological selection. This creative use of language in his poetry is not only in accordance with the smooth communication of his ideas but also suit the rhythm of his poetry. In this article some of these stylistic features are discussed.
Stylistics, Descriptive Linguistics, Stylistic Features, Linguistic Norms, Grammatical Rules, Words Selection, Deviation, Foregrounding, Phonetics, Morphology, Semantics, Syntax, Meter, Rhythm
Saeed Ashar’s short story collection Nofishing is a significant and nuanced contribution to the tradition of Urdu fiction. This article presents a cultural analysis of the collection, exploring how the author weaves themes of changing social attitudes, class disparities, urban-rural contrasts, and the conflict between tradition and modernity into his narratives. The characters, dialogues, and settings in Nofishing vividly reflect the internal and external dimensions of South Asian particularly Pakistani culture. This study delves into the cultural layers, local color, symbolism, and metaphorical language present in the stories, aiming to interpret the collection not only as a literary work but also as a cultural document. Ultimately, the article argues that Saeed Ashar’s storytelling offers a compelling and meaningful reflection of contemporary cultural realities within the broader context of Urdu literature.
Saeed Ashar,Urdu Short Story,Cultural Criticism,Social Issues,Societal Issues,Realism,Literary Trends,Modern Urdu Literature,Cultural Context.
In this study, the ghazal of Tauseef Tabassum- an eminent poet associated with the postmodern era who emerged during the 1990s- has been examined in the context of scientific knowledge. His ghazal, through its symbolic and metaphorical semantic system, offers new dimensions to knowledge and art. Science is an empirical discipline that considers reality to be measurable, observable, and verificat ion. The Scientific trend of the nineteenth century influenced global intellectual attitudes and declared scientific authority as the sole path to truth. However, the atomic devastation brought about by science divided its worth into two domains: the epistemic and the experimental. From an intellectual and theoretical standpoint, Foucault’s concept of discourse introduces new perspectives for understanding scientific knowledge. Drawing upon these scholarly debates, this study presents a semantic interpretation and explanation of scientific concepts through the ghazal “Asman The-e-Ab”.
Tauseef Tabasum, Postmodern Ghazal, Scientific Epistemology, Symbolism and Metaphor, Discourse Theory, Semantic interpretation
اردو زبان میں املا اور تلفظ کی معیاری تشکیل ؛ ادارہ جاتی خدمات کا تنقیدی جائزہ
Standardization of orthography (Imla) and pronunciation (Talaffuz) is fundamental to the linguistic stability and administrative identity of a language. As a hybrid language with roots in Indo-Aryan, Semitic, and Indo-Iranian families, Urdu has historically faced orthographic inconsistencies and phonetic complexities. This article explores the pivotal role of institutions in reforming and harmonizing these linguistic standards. Beginning with the early prose codification at Fort William College, the study delves into the systematic reforms introduced by contemporary bodies such as the National Language Promotion Department (NLPD) in Islamabad and Urdu Academy Delhi. The research specifically analyzes institutional stances on technical issues, including the dual nature of Hamza, the simplification of Alif Maqsura, the segmentation of compound words, and phonetic-based orthography. Furthermore, it highlights the transition of language standards from traditional etymological roots to modern digital requirements, focusing on the development of standardized keyboards, fonts (Nuri Nastaliq), and the integration of Urdu into information technology. The article concludes that institutional interventions have successfully transformed Urdu from a purely literary medium into a structured administrative and digital language, providing a roadmap for its future survival in the era of Artificial Intelligence.
: Urdu Orthography , Pronunciation, Language Reformation, Institutional Role, National Language Promotion Department (Muqtadra), Fort William College, Standardization, Phonetics, Digitalization, Urdu Fonts, Urdu Academy Delhi
Universal literature demands union and combo of fair-minded, uncommitted, and impartial aspects. Universal poet or writer uncovers the facts being alienated form the distinction of race, colour, religion, cult and sect. Allamma Muhammad Iqbal is the national poet of Pakistan. He conducted such intellectual and technical experiments that are not found in urdu literature anywhere else. This article explores Non-Muslim references in Iqbal's poetry and sheds light that inspired Iqbal to it. This article analyses the universal value of it and argues that it's should be given trip over universal poetry.
Universal literature, Non-Muslim, references, Allama Iqbal, religion, impartial
محمد الیاس کے ناول ’’بارش‘‘ کا فکری و فنی مطالعہ
This research paper presents a critical and analytical study of Muhammad Ilyas's novel "Barish" in the broader context of contemporary Urdu fiction. The study explores the novel's multiple dimensions, focusing particularly on its symbolic, psychological, and social meanings. Muhammad Ilyas employs "rain" not merely as a natural phenomenon but as a profound metaphor for purification, internal conflict, and the cleansing of moral decay within human society. Through a realistic portrayal of urban and rural life, he exposes the suppressed emotions, gender inequalities, and class-based tensions of Pakistani society. The paper further examines the narrative structure, linguistic texture, and artistic technique of the novel, emphasizing the use of interior monologue and stream-of-consciousness methods to reflect the characters' psychological depth. The symbolic use of weather, silence, and water to the society. The paper further examines the structure, linguistic texture, artistic technique of the novel, emphasizing the use of interior monologue and stream-of-consciousness methods to reflect the characters' psychological depth. The symbolic use of weather, silence, and water serves as a mirror to the inner turmoil of human existence. The study concludes that "Barish" is not only a reflection of social realism but also a philosophical commentary on human frailty and the quest for spiritual renewal. Thus, it establishes Muhammad Ilyas as one of the most thoughtful and innovative voices in modern Urdu fiction, blending aesthetic artistry with intellectual vigor.
Muhammad Ilyas, Barish, Symbolism, Psychological Realism, Modern Urdu Novel, Social Critique, Feminine Consciousness
خیبر پختون خوا کے اُردو افسانے میں رومانوی اسلوب کا تحقیقی و تنقیدی جائزہ
An analysis of romantic elements in the Urdu fiction of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa shows that the motivation for the romantic elements found in the Urdu fiction writers of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is their own region. The fiction writers of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa have well depicted the environment of this region in their fiction. The romantic elements found in the Urdu fiction of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are of different types. Some fiction writers have depicted the rural environment, while others have made the natural environment, rivers, mountains and waterfalls the subject of discussion. Each fiction writer has adopted a different romantic style of describing life and its attitudes. Overall, the fiction writers of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa have depicted the romantic trend along with literary trends in a good way. The region of Khaiyber Pakhtunkhwa is very fertile in terms of literature. Urdu fiction has been greatly cultivated in it. The names of the writers of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa period are of great importance in the context of the romantic style in Urdu fiction. The writers of the fiction who experimented in this genre should always be remembered in Urdu literature.
نثار عزیز بٹ کے مثالیت پسند نسوانی کرداروں کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ
This paper presents a critical analysis of the idealistic female characters in the novels of Pakistani Urdu writer Nisar Aziz Butt, with particular focus on her first three works—Nagri Nagri Phira Musafir, Nay Chiragay Nay Gulay, and Karwan-e-Wujood. It argues that the pursuit of an unattainable ideal is a central and defining theme in Butt’s fiction, as reflected in protagonists such as Afgar, Jamal Afroz and Samar Saleh, who are portrayed as complex, often melancholic individuals driven by an intense inner quest for meaning beyond their social and emotional realities. Their uncompromising idealism leads them to reject conventional choices such as marriage and material comfort, resulting in psychological turmoil, alienation, and tragic solitude. Set against broader socio-political contexts, including the aftermath of the Partition of India, these characters also reflect Butt’s deep engagement with Western and Russian literary traditions, particularly Tolstoyan philosophy and existential thought. The study concludes that Butt’s heroines, frequently overshadowing male characters, emerge as powerfully constructed archetypes whose tragic grandeur lies in their unwavering—and ultimately self-destructive—commitment to their ideals.
Idealistic female characters, Pursuit of an unattainable, Portrayed as complex, Psychological turmoil, Characterizations, Selfdestructive
رشید امجد کے افسانوی کرداروں میں وجودی رجحانات کا تحقیقی و تنقیدی جائزہ
This paper presents a research-based and critical analysis of existential tendencies in the fictional characters of Rashid Amjad. Dr. Rashid Amjad was a prominent Urdu short story writer, researcher, and critic, whose primary recognition rests on his contribution to short fiction. The characters portrayed in his short stories reflect strong existential elements, which he employed extensively and consciously in his creative work. Within Rashid Amjad’s existential philosophical framework, particular emphasis is placed on themes such as fear, determinism, death, darkness, loneliness, desolation, alienation, and anxiety. Through a close reading and analytical examination of his short stories, this study identifies and interprets these existential elements as they manifest in his fictional characters. Considering Dr. Rashid Amjad’s overall literary contributions and intellectual endeavors, it may be concluded that he was a seminal and era-defining figure in Urdu language and literature.
Dr. Rasheed Amjad, Urdu Short Story, Existential Elements, Philosophical, Analysis, Research, Elements, Determinism
ادا جعفری کی شاعری میں روایت اور جدیدیت کا سنگم
This research article provides a comprehensive critical analysis of the poetic journey of Ada Jafri, widely acclaimed as the "First Lady of Urdu Poetry." It explores the unique creative synthesis in her work, where the grace of classical traditions intersects with the complexities of modern sensitivity. Unlike previous eras where the female voice remained largely subservient to male-centric tropes, Ada Jafri introduced a distinct feminine perspective that upheld Eastern cultural decorum while asserting intellectual autonomy and self-discovery. The study delves into key thematic dimensions of her poetry, including her portrayal of internal anguish in "Shehr-e-Dard" (City of Pain), her dignified protest against societal constraints, and the existential awareness reflected in her autobiography, "Jo Rahi So Be-Khabari Rahi." Through a qualitative analysis of her Ghazals and Nazms, the article demonstrates how she transitioned the female figure from a passive poetic object to an active, self-determining subject. The study concludes that Ada Jafri’s work serves as a foundational bridge in Urdu literature, proving that feminine agency can be powerfully expressed within the framework of cultural values. Her legacy remains a vital testament to the evolution of the modern female identity in the South Asian literary landscape.
Ada Jafri, Urdu Poetry, Tradition and Modernity, Feminine Consciousness, Self-Discovery, Pakistani Literature, Khatoon-e-Awwal, Existential Awareness, Modern Urdu Nazm, Cultural Decorum
علامہ اقبال کے قرۃ العین حیدر پر فکری اثرات:تجزیاتی مطالعہ
Allama Iqbal was a great poet and philosopher of the Indian subcontinent whose ideas left a profound impact on literary and philosophical discourse. His poetry and philosophy influenced many 20th-century writers and intellectuals, including Qurratulain Haider. Her parents were admirers of Iqbal’s works, which significantly shaped her intellectual growth. The influence of Iqbal’s thought is evident Haider’s novels, particularly in themes such as historic consciousness, collectivism, and national decline. Many of her novel titles are directly inspired by Iqbal’s poetry, further reflecting this intellectual connection.This research paper analytically examines the resonance of Iqbal’s ideas Haider’s novels, highlighting parallels in their intellectual evolution and literary works. The study establishes that Haider’s narratives reflect Iqbal’s philosophical insights, particularly in historical awareness and national identity. By exploring these interconnections, this paper contributes to a deeper understanding of the continuity and impact of Iqbal’s thought in Urdu literature
Allama Iqbal, Qurratulain Haider, Intellectual Influence, National Decline, Collectivism, Historical Consciousness, Romanticism, Ideology of Time
مقبول عامرؔ کے شعری مجموعے"دیے کی آنکھ" کی غزلوں کا عروضی جائزہ
Maqbool Amir, who passed away at a very young age, belonged to Bannu, one of the southern districts of Khyber Pakhtunakhwa. His original name was Maqbool Hussain Shah. He was born in the Jhandokhel area of Bannu in 1954. He received his primary education in Bannu. He completed his B.A from Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan and later on obtained the Degree of M.A. Urdu as a private candidate from the University of Peshawar. His first appointment was at Habib Bank Limited and at the same time also appointed as a Research Officer at Pakistan Academy of Letters, Islamabad, a position he held until his death. During his young age, he developed a scleroderma, a disease that took his life at the age of just 35. He died from this fatal disease on May 31st1991. His only poetic collection, named "دیے کی آنکھ" published in 1990 and after a gap of 26 years was re-published by Bukhari Publishers, Peshawar. This collection gained nation-wide popularity among both the public and the literary elite. This book established him as an equal to some of the well renowned poets of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, such as Ghulam Muhammad Qasir and Ahmad Faraz. The poetic craft ship of this collection shows no deficiency in the rhyme, technical discipline, or prosody.This article presents a prosodic analysis of the lyrical poems (ghazals) included in Maqbool Amir’s poetic book "دیے کی آنکھ" with particular focus on meter, rhyme scheme and adherence to the classical principles of Urdu prosody.
Prosody, Maqbool Amir, Poetic Study, Lyrical poems, Prosodic analysis, Mete, Rhyme scheme, classical principles of Urdu prosody, Diye ki Aankh
This study explores the representation of environmental conservation in the Urdu novel, highlighting the evolving ecological consciousness within modern Urdu fiction. As the world faces severe environmental crises climate change, deforestation, water scarcity, and pollution Urdu novelists have increasingly reflected these concerns in their creative narratives. The research investigates how the Urdu novel serves as a literary response to the ecological degradation of the modern age, blending aesthetic imagination with ethical and environmental awareness. Through the lens of ecocriticism, this paper examines how writers such as Mustansar Hussain Tarar, Amna Mufti and khalid javed reimagine the relationship between human beings and nature. Their novels portray rivers, deserts, forests, and seasons not merely as scenic elements but as living entities that carry moral, cultural, and spiritual meanings. The destruction of nature in these works mirrors the disintegration of human values and social harmony, suggesting that the survival of humanity is inseparable from the preservation of the environment. Ultimately, this paper argues that the Urdu novel acts as a mirror of ecological thought, resonating with the global discourse on sustainability and environmental ethics. It emphasizes that environmental preservation in Urdu fiction is not confined to a theme but emerges as a moral and aesthetic philosophy an echo of humanity’s deep connection with nature and its responsibility toward the planet.
Urdu Novel, Environmental Conservation, Ecocriticism, Nature, Climate Change, Sustainability, Aesthetics
ڈیجیٹل نوآبادیات اور اردو ادب: سوشل میڈیا دور میں لسانی و فکری مزاحمت کا تجزیہ
In the twenty-first century, digital colonialism has assumed new linguistic and intellectual dimensions, as global powers like Google and Meta perpetuate colonial narratives through data and algorithms. Urdu literature, rooted in its long tradition of resistance, continues to confront these challenges. In the past, thinkers like Hali, Shibli, and Iqbal stood against imperial dominance, and today this legacy is carried forward through the preservation of the Urdu script, the rise of online libraries, blogs, and social media platforms. Despite the promotion of Roman script and the preference given to colonial languages, Urdu literature, with its creative vitality, not only fights for survival but also shapes an alternative cultural and intellectual narrative.
Digital Colonialism, Linguistic Imperialism, Urdu Literature, Colonial Narratives, Data and Algorithms, Cultural Resistance, Urdu Script Preservation, Roman Script Dominance, Online Literary Platforms, Intellectual Decolonization, Postcolonial Discourse.
جاں نثار اختر کی تانیثیت "خاموش آواز" کے خطوط کے تناظر میں
Jan Nisar Akhtar is a renowned progressive poet of Urdu literature. His progressive thought has also given a new maturity to his feminist vision. A study of his letters, “Khamosh Aawaz”, to his wives, Safia Akhtar (his first wife) and Khadija Akhtar (his second wife), clearly reveals his vision of a new woman. He considers women to be the most beautiful element of Indian culture and does not want to harm their beauty by chaining them to unjust restrictions. He supports the new woman who raises her voice of protest against oppression and abuse and seems ready to rebel. Jan Nisar desires to create a society in which women’s academic, literary, political, and economic talents get a chance to flourish. According to him, the relationship between husband and wife should be based on friendship and equality. Jan Nisar seems to be a supporter of a kind of feminism that is born from the womb of nature and flourishes under the umbrella of civilization and cultural values.
Jan Nisar Akhtar, “Khamosh Aawaz”, Progressive Thought, Feminism, Unjust Restrictions, Friendship, Equality
تلوک چند محروم کی نظموں کا تنقیدی مطالعہ
"In the last quarter of the 19th century, urdu poetry adopted western patteren from anjuman punjab’s platform. Muhammad Hussain Azad and Khawaja Altaf Hussain Hali urged the urdu poets to use their expertise in natural poetry. Both the artists set the examples in their very first poems, titled as "Abr-e-Karam" and "Barkha Rut" respectively. Soon after, Ismail Meeritee, Shouq Qidwai etc produced beautiful poems in this regard. 20th century, indeed, is an era of modern poetry where Allama Iqbal put placed it on the high pedestal. Tilok Chand was far from literary centres but his artistic avenue and commitment made him an important poet of modern Nazam. His art potray the common man’s feelings and collective issues of that time. He as poet, showed concern and resistance on various political affairs of British rule. He also focused on children’s literature and produced valuable work. His art has the reflection of his society. The art that contains some objectives. Though the progressive movement started in mid thirtees but Tilok Chand’s poetry highlighted the suffering of humanity even at the start of his professional career. It is very difficult for an artist to represent the contemporary issues in his art beside maintaining the true spirit of creativity but Mehroom did this successfully. In this article efforts have been made to explore Tilok’s poetic Place, with regard to his poems."
Tilok Chand, Poems, Colonial, Nature, Child, Iqbal, Akbar, Hindustan, Bahar
Skepticism is a thought provoking feature in the poetry of Fehmida Riaz. Her poetic vision is characterized by an unwavering desire to question, explore, and redefine the limits of thought and belief. She challenges established traditions, strict moral codes, and social conventions that inhibit individuality and critical thinking. Riaz’s skepticism is both intellectual and emotional, stemming from her awareness of societal contradictions and the complexities of human nature. Through her poetry, she deeply examines the harsh realities of life, the oppression of women, and the hypocrisy that often lies beneath cultural and religious norms. Instead of accepting truths dictated by authority, she advocates for rediscovering them through personal experience and rational inquiry. For her, doubt is not a denial but an awakening to think beyond surface appearances and seek the essence of truth. Her poetry encourages readers to engage in this questioning process: to ask what truth really signifies, how reality should be understood, and whether our accepted beliefs are worthy of trust. In this way, skepticism becomes a tool for enlightenment and liberation. It allows her to express defiance against stagnation and to promote a more liberated, conscious mode of thought. Thus, Fehmida Riaz’s poetic skepticism turns doubt into discovery, rebellion into contemplation, and poetry into a journey of intellectual and spiritual awakening.
Skepticism, doubt, uncertainty, lack of conviction, hesitation, contemplation, indecision, feminist thought, social inequality, political oppression, quest for truth, reason and logic, self-realization, inner turmoil, reproductive power, stoning, full moon, rebellion, dream of freedom, feigned ignorance, conflict.
The term Pakistanism had emerged in literary circles soon after the establishment of Pakistan. In the novel "Rakh", the oppression and oppression of history have been described in the context of Pakistan, proving Pakistanism. The novel presents the social, political, economic and moral conditions of Pakistan over the past fifty years, and the crises that this country has gone through. From the partition of the subcontinent to the wars of 1965 and 1971 and the separation of East Pakistan, the country's conditions, the politics of gaining power and the political and social struggles, in addition to the mental and emotional tragedies, anxiety, dissatisfaction and insecurity that arose as a result of these conditions and events. The fall of Dhaka and its effects on the Pakistani nation have been shown in the national context. Mustansar Hussain Tarar also raises his voice against oppression and violence in this novel. He not only protests against the oppression of a nation, but he also wants to end prejudice and hatred. His view is that the people of a nationality and state should live together in unity.
Mustansar Hussain Tarar,Rakh, National Perspective in Urdu Novel, Oppression of History, Partition of the subcontinent,Separation of East Pakistan,Prejudice and hatred in Urdu Novel
کاغذی گھاٹ متوسط پاکستانی عورت کے سماجی اور تانیثی شعور کی منفرد آواز
In Urdu Novel, women have presented in various themes and shades. Most of which, they have depicted the status of women in society and the problems of their personal and social lives. Khalida Hussain is a renowned Urdu fiction writer. In Kaaghzi Ghaat, she has depicted the social situation of women in a traditional environment in the contemporary era. Kaaghzi Ghaat, the novel presents the social status of a Pakistani educated woman who grew up after the establishment of Pakistan and her attempt to break unwanted social norms. This article describes the efforts of middle-class Pakistani women of different ages to identify themselves.
Khalida Hussain, Novel, Fiction, Social status, feminism, Pakistani women, Middle class, Traditional society
اردو زبان کے ارتقاء میں امیر خسرو کا کردار: تحقیقی و تنقیدی مطالعہ
The evolution of the Urdu language is deeply rooted in the cultural and linguistic fusion of the Indian subcontinent. Among the earliest figures who contributed significantly to this process is Amir Khusrau a renowned Sufi poet, musician, and intellectual of the 13th century. This research paper, titled "The Rise of Amir Khusrau on the Horizon of Urdu Language: A Research and Critical Study", explores Khusrau’s pioneering role in shaping the linguistic foundations of Urdu. Through a critical and analytical lens, the study examines how Khusrau's multilingual poetry, including his riddles, dohas, and folk compositions, reflect an early synthesis of Persian, Hindi, and local dialects. His innovative linguistic experiments laid the groundwork for a new vernacular that would later evolve into modern Urdu. The paper investigates the historical, cultural, and literary context of Khusrau’s era, and evaluates the extent of his influence on the formation and popularization of Urdu. By highlighting his stylistic innovations and linguistic contributions, this study aims to reaffirm Amir Khusrau's enduring legacy in the history of Urdu language and literature.
Amir Khusrau, Urdu Language, Linguistic Evolution, Sufi Literature, Indo-Persian Culture, Vernacular Poetry, Historical Linguistics, Literary Contribution
غربت، تعلیم اور صحت کے مسائل: اردو شاعری کے تناظر میں
Education and health are basic needs in human society, but their attainment is possible only when poverty is eradicated from society. The above-mentioned needs have become problems in our society. Various institutions have been established to solve these problems.To fulfill the above basic needs, the United Nations has formed institutions such as UNESCO, ITU, UNDP, IMF, ECOSOC, World Bank, UNICEF, WHO etc . Society and literature influence on each other. Limited access to education and health facilities pose a grave problem in a human society. Its reflections may be seen in Urdu literature. This paper is an analytical study of Urdu literature produced in the context of Historicism. Such pieces of Urdu poetry have been studied which bring about the issues of poverty and bad governance in education & health. Literature informs social narrative and vice-versa.
Society, Urdu literature, Poetry, Poverty, Health Issues, Educational System, Historicism
ترنم ریاض کےافسانوی مجموعے ’’ابابیلیں لوٹ آئیں گی‘‘ کا نفسیاتی مطالعہ
Dr. Tarannum Riyaz holds a significant place in contemporary Urdu fiction, particularly through her short story collection Ababeelain Laut Aayengi. This study provides a psychological and socio-literary analysis of her narratives, highlighting women’s emotions, inner conflicts, and the socio-cultural constraints they face. Riyaz portrays the lived realities of women navigating emotional vulnerabilities and social injustices, addressing themes such as poverty, patriarchal oppression, and male neglect of familial responsibilities. Her stories also reflect the complexities of urban life, financial insecurities, and shifting gender relations, offering symbolic depth and emotive resonance. By situating her work within broader debates on women in Urdu literature, the study emphasizes Riyaz’s contribution to feminist literary criticism and her role in expanding contemporary Urdu narrative. Through a close reading of selected stories, the analysis reveals how Riyaz employs psychological realism to depict the inner turmoil of her female protagonists, who grapple with societal expectations and personal aspirations. Her portrayal of urban women underscores the tension between tradition and modernity, critiquing patriarchal structures while celebrating female resilience. This research draws on feminist theory, psychoanalytic criticism, and socio-cultural perspectives to evaluate Riyaz’s innovative narrative techniques, such as stream-of-consciousness and symbolic imagery, which enhance the emotional impact of her work. Ultimately, the study argues that Riyaz’s fiction not only documents the struggles of marginalized women but also advocates for social reform, making her a pivotal voice in Urdu literature’s feminist discourse. Her stories serve as a mirror to contemporary Pakistani society, fostering empathy and awareness for gender issues.
Tarannum Riyaz, Ababeelain Laut Aayengi, Women in Urdu Literature, Psychological Criticism, Patriarchy, Poverty
From the changing aspect of every thought of every age, the evolutionary journey of new themes continues. In poetry, not only the topic is important, but the manner of handling the topic as well also known as the style of expression or style. This style emerges with the help of the personal strengths of the artist, his creative abilities and technical skills. Visual, and aesthetic feelings, the passing of traditions, the diversity of observations and experiences, the ability to speak and rare thoughts and ideas give birth to new topics. The thematic canvas of Urdu Naatiya poetry is very wide. Along with the nature and attributes of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), the effects of civilization and culture are also prominent in it. Naat was created to give words to the universe, beauty to speech and grace to life. Because Naat is not only an expression of personal praise but rather an expression of praise for the one (PBUH) for whom the entire universe was created and which was expressed by the creator of the universe himself. The greater the subject of the naat, the more extensive it is. Poets cannot fully support the greatness and vastness of this subject. In general, devotion and love for the Holy Prophet (PBUH) and the desire to visit the Holy shrine in Medina which is the mausoleum of the Prophet (PBUH) are prominent in Urdu Naat poetry. These two aspects are the basis of Urdu Naat.The thematic of Urdu Naat has been changing with time and thoughts. The themes of Naat give lights all aspects of Life.
Urdu, Naat, Thematic, Creative, Expression, Review, Thoughts, Civilization
زاہدہ حنا کے افسانوں میں مزاحمت کی روایت
This study explores the tradition of resistance in the fiction of Zahida Hina, one of the most prominent contemporary voices in Urdu literature. Rooted in a strong intellectual and anti-colonial family background, Hina’s writings embody both defiance and innovation. Her short stories do not merely depict individual struggles but reflect broader political and social oppressions, particularly those shaped by military dictatorships, authoritarian regimes, and patriarchal structures in Pakistan and South Asia. By weaving together themes of political instability, social injustice, war, migration, and identity crisis, her narratives resonate with the lived realities of marginalized groups, especially women. Hina’s resistance is multidimensional: she critiques censorship, authoritarian politics, and religious orthodoxy, while simultaneously highlighting the silenced voices of women whose rights have been denied by both cultural norms and state policies. Her stories such as Bood-o-Nabood ka Aashob, Jism-o-Zubaan ki Maut se Pehle, Paniyon Par Behti Panah, and Manzil Hai Kahan Teri illustrate the suffering caused by imprisonment, war, forced migration, and gender-based violence. At the same time, they valorize characters who embody resilience, dignity, and unwavering commitment to freedom and justice. Zahida Hina also situates Pakistani resistance literature within a global tradition, drawing attention to universal struggles against tyranny, from Latin America to South Asia. Her rejection of the Pride of Performance award in 2006 epitomizes her lifelong ideological commitment. Thus, her fiction transcends the boundaries of storytelling to become an act of protest and a vehicle for social transformation. The study concludes that Zahida Hina’s short stories constitute a cornerstone of feminist and resistance literature in Urdu, articulating the collective conscience of a society under perpetual strain.
Zahida Hina; Urdu Short Story, Resistance Literature, Political Oppression, Military Dictatorship, Feminism, Social Justice, War and Migration, Identity Crisis, Authoritarianism
This research focuses on the principles of Sirah writing and their relevance in the modern age. Different scholars’ views on Sirah literature were studied to understand how they approached this field. After reviewing these perspectives, certain guiding principles were formulated in this study to respond to the intellectual and social needs of the present era. These principles emphasize that Sirah should not only be seen as a record of events but also as a source for moral, social, and cultural guidance. The research suggests that Sirah must be presented in analytical and critical ways, linking it with contemporary disciplines such as sociology, psychology, literature, and science. By doing so, the universal message of the Prophet’s ﷺ life can reach modern minds with greater clarity. The aim is to highlight how Sirah writing can contribute to building an ethical society and guiding the younger generation in today’s world.
Sirah Literature, Principles of Sirah Writing, Modern Relevance, Social and Cultural Context, Contemporary Desciplines, Intellectual Needs. Youth Guidance, Ethical Society.
اردو ادب میں سائنس فکشن : معاصر صورتحال ،مسائل اور امکانات
This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of science fiction within Urdu literature, charting its historical development, examining its contemporary challenges, and exploring its future possibilities. The study traces the genre's lineage from proto-science fiction elements found in classical epics like Tilism-e-Hoshruba to its formal emergence in the 20th century. A significant portion of the analysis is dedicated to the pioneering work of Ibn-e-Safi, who skillfully fused science fiction with the popular detective genre, creating a unique "Spy-fi" niche that introduced concepts of robotics, advanced technology, and clandestine scientific organizations to a wide readership. The narrative also acknowledges the foundational contributions of subsequent authors like Izhar Asar, who wrote prolifically within the genre, and the literary validation it received from esteemed figures such as Ashfaq Ahmed.Despite these contributions, the article argues that science fiction remains a marginalized genre in Urdu. It identifies several critical deterrents: a societal deficit in scientific temperament, the historical dominance of traditional literary forms like poetry and social realism, and a rigid critical environment that often prioritizes established Western theoretical frameworks over genre experimentation, thereby discouraging creative innovation. However, the contemporary landscape offers signs of promise, particularly in children's literature, where authors like Tasneem Jafri are effectively using the genre to cultivate scientific curiosity. Conclusively, the paper posits that the 21st century presents immense opportunities for the genre's growth. Urgent contemporary themes such as artificial intelligence, biotechnology, digital surveillance, and climate change provide fertile ground for new narratives. Furthermore, modern forms like micro-fiction offer a potent vehicle for conveying complex ideas effectively. The article concludes by affirming the vital social function of science fiction as an "early warning system" that critically reflects on present trends to help envision and navigate the future.
Urdu Literature, Science Fiction, Contemporary Literature, Literary Criticism, Speculative Fiction, Ibn-e-Safi, Spy-fi, Cyberpunk, Proto-Science Fiction, Literary Challenges, Future of Literature.
زبان، شعور اور ڈیجیٹل ارتقاء:زبان کا سائنسی مطالعہ
This article examines the indispensable role of language in human cognition, communication, and culture. It argues that language is not just a medium of conveying emotions and thoughts, but a foundational system enabling humans to encode, preserve, and transfer knowledge across generations. The study compares human language with non-human and artificial systems (animal sounds and computer languages), emphasizing five core characteristics that define human linguistic systems. It further delves into linguistic branches like phonetics, sociolinguistics, and psycholinguistics, and discusses how language functions at the anatomical level in speech production. The piece highlights the role of linguistics in enabling machines, especially AI models like ChatGPT, to understand and respond in natural language, including Urdu.The author underscores the absence of comprehensive visual phonetic resources in Urdu linguistics literature and provides structured diagrams to fill this gap. Ultimately, the article asserts the centrality of linguistics in bridging language, society and technology in the modern era.
Language and Cognition, Human Communication, Linguistic Systems, Phonetics, Psycholinguistics, Natural Language Processing, Urdu Linguistics, Language and Technology